Some individuals may have prejudice or hatred against Russians due to history, racism, propaganda, or ingrained stereotypes. Nowadays, a variety of popular culture clichés and negative stereotypes about Russians still exist, notably in the Western world. Pre-existing anti-Russian sentiment in Germany is considered to be one of the factors influencing treatment of Russian population under German occupation during World War II. In Europe, Russophobia was based on various more or less fantastic fears of Russian conquest of Europe, such as those based on The Will of Peter the Great forgery documented in France in the 19th century and later resurfacing in Britain as a result of fears of a Russian attack on British-colonized India in relation to the Great Game. Historically, Russophobia has included state-sponsored and grassroots mistreatment and discrimination, as well as propaganda containing anti-Russian sentiment. The opposite of Russophobia is Russophilia. It is often related to anti-Soviet and occasionally also to anti-Slavic sentiment. The Collins English Dictionary defines it as intense and often irrational hatred of Russia. Anti-Russian sentiment, commonly referred to as Russophobia, is dislike or fear or hatred of Russia, the Russians, Russian culture, or Russian policy.
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